The World of Letters

The Literal Meaning of the Phrase “Heart of Darkness” The phrase “Heart of Darkness” has two meanings: one is the literal meaning, and the other is the symbolic meaning. Literally, the title refers to the dark continent of Africa, especially the territory known as the Congo. Actually it was the famous explorer and writer, Henry Morton Stanley who, having traveled through Africa, gave the name of “the dark continent” to it; but thereafter this phrase became current and began to be widely used to Africa. The phrase “Heart of Darkness” means inmost region of the territory which was, in those days, still led primitive lives. Today every bit of the continent of Africa is known to everybody who has studied geography. Every bit of Africa has been fully explored and indicated on the geographical maps. But at the time Stanley went into Africa and thereafter, even when Conrad went thither in 1890, the continent of Africa had not been fully explored. Of course, there was a big difference between ...

Hamlet and His Problems: Objective Co-relative by T.S.Eliot T.S. Eliot is a towering figure in the field of 20th century literature and criticism, and his influence has been profound and all-pervasive. George Watson says, “Eliot made English criticism look different, though not in a simple sense.” His criticism has been revolutionary; he has turned the critical tradition of the whole English speaking world upside down. Eliot’s essay on Hamlet is the finest example of what may be called his destructive or iconoclastic criticism. He writes, “The only way of expressing emotion in the form of art is by finding an objective co-relative.” He defines ‘objective co-relative’ as ‘a set of objects, situation, a chain of events which shall be the formula of the particular emotion, such that when the external facts, which must terminate in sensory experience, are given, the emotion is immediately evoked.” The phrase ‘objective co-relative’ was first used by Eliot in his essay on Hamlet and His Pro...

The Metaphysical Poets by T.S.Eliot Eliot’s essay ‘The Metaphysical Poets’ was first published as a review of J.G. Grierson’s edition of Metaphysical Lyrics and Poems of the 17th Century. But the essay is much more than a mere review; it is a critical document of much value and significance. It is one of the most significant critical documents of the modern age. It has brought about a revaluation and reassessment of interest in these poets who had been neglected for a considerable time. Eliot has thrown new light on the metaphysical poets, and shown that they are neither quaint nor fantastic, but great and mature poets. They do not represent a digression from the mainstream of English poetry, but rather a continuation of it. It is in this essay that Eliot has used, for the first time, the phrases ‘Dissociation of Sensibility’ and ‘Unification of Sensibility’, phrases which have acquired world-wide currency and which, ever since, have had a far reaching impact on literary criticism. El...

A REVIEW ON I.A. RICHARDS' THE TWO USES OF LANGUAGE I.A. Richards, born in 1893, is one of the great critics of the modern age, and has influenced a number of critics on both sides of the Atlantic. He and T.S. Eliot are pioneers in the field of New Criticism, though they differ from each other in certain important respects. He is the first-rate critic, since Coleridge, who has formulated a systematic and complete theory of poetry, and his views are highly original and illuminating. In his “Principles of Literary Criticism” chapter 34, he discusses the most neglected subject, i.e. the theory of language and the two uses of language. To understand much the theory of poetry and what is said about poetry, a clear comprehension of the differences between the uses of language is indispensable. David Daiches says, “Richards conducts this investigation in order to come to some clear conclusions about what imaginative literature is, how it employs language, how its use of language differs f...

A REVIEW ON I.A. RICHARDS' THE FOUR KINDS OF MEANING I.A. Richards, born in 1893, is one of the great critics of the modern age. He has influenced a number of critics on both sides of the Atlantic. I.A. Richards and T.S. Eliot are pioneers in the field of New Criticism, though they differ from each other in certain important respects. A study of his ‘Practical Criticism’ written in 1929 reveals that I.A. Richard has a great interest in textual and verbal analysis. A poet writes to communicate, and language is the means of that communication. Language is made of words and hence a study of words is all important if we are to understand the meaning of a work of art. According to I.A. Richard, words carry four kinds of meaning or to be more precise, the total meaning of a word depends upon four factors, i.e. sense, feeling, tone and intention. Sense is what is said, or the ‘items’ referred to by a writer. Feeling refers to emotions, emotional attitudes, will, desire, pleasure, unpleasu...

Love is a special gift given by God to every human being. Love is a deep, tender, ineffable feeling of affection and solicitude towards a person, rising from kinship, recognition of attractive qualities, or a sense of underlying oneness. Love is also defined as a feeling of intense desire and attraction towards a person with whom one is disposed to make a pair; the emotion of sex and romance ( http://dictonary.reference.com/seach?q:love . May 2004). From the above definitions, it can be concluded that love is an intense emotional feeling that relates to an attachment. Every individual has his/ her own definition to explain what love is. It depends on the person in interpreting the love; it may be either an attachment or a sexual desire, or both of them. But love is more than a hug, a kiss, and feelings of desire. Love can be showed through a sensitive attitude, caring and sincere action, then emotionally love will appear and grow up. However, love is an emotional feeling that cannot be...

Sunday Morning by Wallace Stevens The poem asks the question, "What is the relationship between death and beauty?" Does death degrade beauty or enhance it? The title refers to the resurrection on Easter Sunday, how death led to a greater beauty. Some critics suggest that the poem is a denunciation of the Easter resurrection; rather than being at church, the character in stanza one is lounging amidst the sensual beauty of her surroundings. In stanza one, Stevens offers a picture of beauty. Remember that his wife was a beauty queen and not a great wit; she didn't appreciate or understand his poems. In all of the following stanzas save for the final two, he asks a question and then answers it with imagery that implies an idea. In St. II his question is: "Why should beauty die?" He answers it with a series of questions and images that offer this idea, I think: Divinity (which is linked to death) comes to us in material beauty when we're alive; likewise, it...